This article examines the historical roots of China's restricted epidemiological data sharing, tracing its classification as state secrets since the 1950s and its implications for international health cooperation and global health governance.ption goes here

This article examines the underlying motivations propelling China’s resistance to the certification of smallpox eradication by the WHO. It provides a historical context of China’s selective engagement in global health and offers insights for fostering collaboration among diverse stakeholders driven by varied political agendas in addressing shared global health challenges.